UpCloud Starter 1 vCPU / 1 GB

Frankfurt #1

Benchmark complete

Finished Oct 7, 2026

Geekbench 7 single-core

Skipped

Geekbench 7 multi-core

Skipped

Disk 4K IOPS

19,945

fio random read and write, 50/50

Median here: 19,947 over 2 runs in 90 days

Monthly price at test time

€3.50 EUR

Same price today

Server

UpCloud Starter 1 vCPU / 1 GB

Provider

UpCloud
Plan

Starter 1 vCPU / 1 GB
Location

Frankfurt #1
vCPU

1
RAM

1 GB
Storage

10 GB
Network

Unknown
OS image

01000000-0000-4000-8000-000030240200
Trigger

Scheduled
Queued at

Oct 7, 2026, 13:29:00 UTC

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Latest runs of this plan

Full history of this plan

CPU

Geekbench was skipped because this plan has less than 2 GB of RAM, which isn't enough for Geekbench 7 to run without swap.

Memory, TLS and scheduler

Memory bandwidth (STREAM)

Test	Result	Runs	Spread
Copy higher is better	31.2 GB/s	3	1.55%
Scale higher is better	20.3 GB/s	3	0.566%
Add higher is better	21.8 GB/s	3	0.936%
Triad higher is better	23 GB/s	3	0.732%

Average of 3 runs. Spread is the standard deviation as a share of the average.

TLS and crypto (OpenSSL)

Test	Result	Runs	Spread
RSA 4096 signs higher is better	232/s	3	0.302%
RSA 4096 verifies higher is better	15,190/s	3	0.111%
SHA-256 higher is better	686 MB/s	3	0.747%
AES-256-GCM higher is better	3.52 GB/s	3	0.401%
ChaCha20-Poly1305 higher is better	1.78 GB/s	3	0.481%

Average of 3 runs. Spread is the standard deviation as a share of the average.

Scheduler latency (schbench)

Test	Result	Runs	Spread
Request latency, median lower is better	4.1 ms	3	0.169%
Requests per second, 90th percentile higher is better	242/s	3	0.239%
Request latency, 99.9th percentile lower is better	7.31 ms	3	0.911%
Requests per second, average higher is better	241/s	3	0.0543%

Average of 3 runs. Spread is the standard deviation as a share of the average.

Disk

Block size	Read	Write	Total
4K	38.9 MB/s (9,961 IOPS)	39 MB/s (9,984 IOPS)	77.9 MB/s (19,945 IOPS)
64K	399.2 MB/s (6,386 IOPS)	401.3 MB/s (6,420 IOPS)	800.5 MB/s (12,806 IOPS)
512K	381.9 MB/s (763 IOPS)	402.2 MB/s (804 IOPS)	784.1 MB/s (1,567 IOPS)
1M	379.5 MB/s (379 IOPS)	404.8 MB/s (404 IOPS)	784.4 MB/s (783 IOPS)

fio random read and write, 50/50, run by YABS against the boot disk.

Network

IPv4 transfer speed

Target	Protocol	Send	Receive
Clouvider, London, UK (10G)	IPv4	871 Mbps	1.16 Gbps
Eranium, Amsterdam, NL (100G)	IPv4	1.17 Gbps	1.17 Gbps
Leaseweb, Singapore, SG (10G)	IPv4	1.05 Gbps	990 Mbps
Clouvider, Los Angeles, CA, US (10G)	IPv4	998 Mbps	1.07 Gbps
Leaseweb, NYC, NY, US (10G)	IPv4	1.09 Gbps	1.12 Gbps

Public iperf3 servers vary in capacity and availability. Compare a target only with itself over time.

Datastores

PostgreSQL

fsync speed (pg_test_fsync)

Method	Operations per second	Time per operation
One 8 kB write
open_datasync	3,737	0.268 ms
fdatasync	3,355	0.298 ms
fsync	1,770	0.565 ms
fsync_writethrough	Not supported here	n/a
open_sync	2,210	0.453 ms
Two 8 kB writes
open_datasync	1,875	0.533 ms
fdatasync	2,902	0.345 ms
fsync	2,074	0.482 ms
fsync_writethrough	Not supported here	n/a
open_sync	1,108	0.902 ms
open_sync at different write sizes
1 * 16kB open_sync write	1,763	0.567 ms
2 * 8kB open_sync writes	1,095	0.913 ms
4 * 4kB open_sync writes	524	1.91 ms
8 * 2kB open_sync writes	254	3.93 ms
16 * 1kB open_sync writes	112	8.94 ms
fsync on a non-write descriptor
write, fsync, close	1,879	0.532 ms
write, close, fsync	1,854	0.539 ms
Non-synced 8 kB writes
write	537,390	0.002 ms

pg_test_fsync against the Docker volume Postgres keeps its data on. fdatasync is Linux's default wal_sync_method.

pgbench at scale 10

Workload	Clients	Transactions/s	Median	p95	p99	p99.9
Read/write (TPC-B like)	1	1,471	0.574 ms	1.16 ms	2.15 ms	4.6 ms
Read/write (TPC-B like)	8	2,718	2.61 ms	4.89 ms	7.16 ms	16.8 ms
Read/write (TPC-B like)	32	2,704	9.3 ms	26 ms	42.8 ms	81.6 ms
Read only	1	26,191	0.035 ms	0.05 ms	0.065 ms	0.212 ms
Read only	8	28,411	0.238 ms	0.436 ms	0.505 ms	1.13 ms
Read only	32	29,148	0.93 ms	1.35 ms	1.62 ms	2.68 ms

Scale 10 (1,000,000 accounts), loaded in 2.32 s. 60 s per run, prepared statements. Latency comes from sampled transaction logs, and p99.9 is left out when fewer than 1,000 were sampled.

pgbench at scale 100

Workload	Clients	Transactions/s	Median	p95	p99	p99.9
Read/write (TPC-B like)	1	946	0.909 ms	1.74 ms	3.63 ms	62.7 ms
Read/write (TPC-B like)	8	1,903	3.43 ms	6.5 ms	12.3 ms	82.9 ms
Read/write (TPC-B like)	32	2,137	12.9 ms	21.4 ms	78.5 ms	96.2 ms
Read only	1	3,322	0.284 ms	0.518 ms	1.32 ms	2.48 ms
Read only	8	6,143	0.795 ms	1.76 ms	30.6 ms	40.6 ms
Read only	32	6,254	2.61 ms	8.25 ms	47.1 ms	50.1 ms

Scale 100 (10,000,000 accounts), loaded in 22.6 s. 60 s per run, prepared statements. Latency comes from sampled transaction logs, and p99.9 is left out when fewer than 1,000 were sampled.

MySQL

sysbench OLTP

Workload	Threads	Transactions/s	Queries/s	Median	p95	p99
Read/write	1	281	5,616	3.02 ms	5.37 ms	11 ms
Read/write	8	467	9,339	16.1 ms	25.3 ms	35.6 ms
Read/write	32	468	9,350	63.3 ms	111 ms	145 ms
Read only	1	915	14,637	1.04 ms	1.32 ms	1.89 ms
Read only	8	893	14,295	8.9 ms	10.5 ms	12.3 ms
Read only	32	798	12,775	38.9 ms	51 ms	63.3 ms

10 tables of 100,000 rows, loaded in 15.2 s. 60 s per run, one connection per thread.

Redis

memtier

Mix	Operations/s	Hits/s	Median	p99	p99.9
1:10 set:get	35,506	32,277	1.7 ms	3.25 ms	5.34 ms
1:1 set:get	34,860	17,430	1.78 ms	3.28 ms	5.18 ms

1,000,000 keys of 32 bytes. 64 connections over 1 thread, 60 s per ratio.

Web frameworks

Framework	Fortunes req/s	Single query req/s	JSON req/s	Fortunes p99 at 256 connections
Next.js	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
Express	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
Fastify	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
NestJS	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
Nuxt	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
FastAPI	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
Django	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
Rails	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
Laravel	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.
Symfony	The results arrived but couldn't be read, so no numbers are shown.

WooCommerce

Page mix

Step	Requests/s	Median	p95	p99	Error rate
8 virtual users
Home page	1.22	1.21 s	1.31 s	1.33 s	0%
Shop page	1.22	1.58 s	1.77 s	1.8 s	0%
Category page	1.22	1.39 s	1.62 s	1.73 s	0%
Product page	1.22	1.2 s	1.33 s	1.39 s	0%
Product search	1.22	1.11 s	1.22 s	1.24 s	0%
32 virtual users
Home page	1.36	4.58 s	5.15 s	5.2 s	0%
Shop page	1.36	6.07 s	6.97 s	7.1 s	0%
Category page	1.36	5.75 s	6.86 s	7.04 s	0%
Product page	1.03	4.73 s	4.99 s	5.1 s	0%
Product search	0.907	4.51 s	4.8 s	4.85 s	0%

Cart and checkout

Step	Requests/s	Median	p95	p99	Error rate
8 virtual users
Add to cart	2.32	1.13 s	1.33 s	1.37 s	0%
Cart	2.32	1.19 s	1.28 s	1.32 s	0%
Checkout	2.32	956 ms	1.07 s	1.09 s	0%
32 virtual users
Add to cart	2.45	4.19 s	5.21 s	5.29 s	0%
Cart	2.45	4.83 s	5.19 s	5.23 s	0%
Checkout	2.45	3.8 s	4.28 s	4.33 s	0%

k6 with a fixed number of virtual users, 65 to 71 s per level. The error rate counts responses that weren't a 200.

Advertised vs. measured

Spec	Advertised	Measured
vCPU	1	1
CPU	Shared vCPU	0.3% of busy CPU time stolen
RAM	1 GB	849 MiB
Storage	10 GB	9.8 GiB
Architecture	x86_64	x86_64
Virtualization	KVM	KVM

Guests usually report slightly less RAM and disk than advertised because of kernel reservations and filesystem overhead.

Detected hardware

CPU model: AMD EPYC 7542 32-Core Processor
CPU cores: 1
CPU frequency: 2895 MHz
AES-NI: Yes
VM-x/AMD-V: No
RAM reported: 849 MiB
Swap reported: 0 MiB
Disk reported: 9.8 GiB
Virtualization reported: KVM
CPU steal: 0.3% of busy CPU time stolen
Distro: Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS
Kernel: 6.8.0-137-generic
Architecture: x86_64
IPv4 reachable: Yes
IPv6 reachable: Yes

Advertised at test time

Plan: Starter 1 vCPU / 1 GB
Product line: Starter
Location: Frankfurt #1
vCPU: 1 shared vCPU
Architecture: x86_64
RAM: 1 GB
Storage: 10 GB
Virtualization: KVM
Network: Unknown
Transfer: 512 GB
Port 25: Unknown
Monthly price at test time: €3.50 EUR
Hourly price at test time: €0.0052 EUR
YABS version: v2026-09-20
Ran at: Oct 7, 2026, 13:32:49 UTC
Parser version: 5

Run timeline

Queued: Oct 7, 2026, 13:29:00 UTC
Server created: Oct 7, 2026, 13:30:17 UTC
First update from the server: Oct 7, 2026, 13:30:17 UTC
Completed: Oct 7, 2026, 14:41:31 UTC
Server deleted: Oct 7, 2026, 14:41:31 UTC
Cost of this run: €0.0063 EUR

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RackCensus

Server

Latest runs of this plan

CPU

Memory, TLS and scheduler

Memory bandwidth (STREAM)

TLS and crypto (OpenSSL)

Scheduler latency (schbench)

Disk

Network

IPv4 transfer speed

Datastores

PostgreSQL

fsync speed (pg_test_fsync)

pgbench at scale 10

pgbench at scale 100

MySQL

sysbench OLTP

Redis

memtier

Web frameworks

WooCommerce

Page mix

Cart and checkout

Advertised vs. measured

Detected hardware

Advertised at test time

Run timeline

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